提高电力系统灵活性—工业电气化和绿氢生产的作用

Increasing Electric Power System FlexibilityThe Role of IndusTRIal elecTRIfIcaTIon and GReen hydRoGen PRoducTIonA Report of the Energy Systems Integration Group’s Flexibility Resources Task ForceJanuary 202 2ESEnErgy SyStEmS IntEgratIon group industrial ElEctrification and GrEEn HydroGEn Production EnErgy SyStEmS IntEgratIon group ii ESENERGY SYSTEMS INTEGRATION GROUPAbout ESIGThe Energy Systems Integration Group is a nonprofit organization that marshals the expertise of the electricity industry’s technical community to support grid transformation and energy systems integration and operation. More information is available at https://www.esig.energy.ESIG Publications Available OnlineThis report is available at https://www.esig.energy/reports-briefs.Get in TouchTo learn more about the topics discussed in this report or for more information about the Energy Systems Integration Group, please send an email to info@esig.energy. industrial ElEctrification and GrEEn HydroGEn Production EnErgy SyStEmS IntEgratIon group iii Prepared byAidan Tuohy, Electric Power Research InstituteNiall Mac Dowell, Imperial College LondonTask Force MembersWilliam D’haeseleer, KU LeuvenElizabeth Endler, ShellAnthony Ku, NICE America ResearchNiall Mac Dowell, Imperial College LondonPierluigi Mancarella, University of MelbourneJulia Matevosyan, Energy Systems Integration GroupToby Price, Australian Electricity Market OperatorAidan Tuohy, Electric Power Research InstituteSuggested CitationFlexibility Resources Task Force. 2022. Increasing Electric Power System Flexibility: The Role of Industrial Electrification and Green Hydrogen Production. Reston, VA: Energy Systems Integration Group. https://www.esig.energy/reports-briefs.This work was supported by funds from the American Council on Renewable Energy (ACORE). The task force would like to acknowledge the valuable input and support of Karin Matchett in preparing this report.Design: David Gerratt/NonprofitDesign.com© 2022 Energy Systems Integration GroupIncreasing Electric Power System Flexibility: The Role of Industrial Electrification and Green Hydrogen ProductionA Report of the Flexibility Resources Task Force of the Energy Systems Integration Group industrial ElEctrification and GrEEn HydroGEn Production EnErgy SyStEmS IntEgratIon group iv Contents1 Evolving Reliability Needs for a Decarbonized Grid 1 A Critical Need for New Sources of Flexibility 2 Services Provided by Industrial Electrification and Electrolytic Hydrogen Production to the Electricity System3 Industrial Electrification and Electric Power System Flexibility 3 Electricity Use in Industry Today 3 Pathways for Contribution of EIIs to Decarbonization8 Provision of Flexibility from Energy-Intensive Industries 8 Increased Demand as a Result of Increased Electrification of Industry 9 Provision of Demand Response via Industrial Loads 10 Provision of Grid Services 1 1 Barriers to the Provision of Flexibility by Newly Electrified Loads12 Role of Hydrogen Production in Grid Decarbonization and Flexibility 13 Potential Applications of Hydrogen in the Power System 14 Considerations for Obtaining Flexibility from Green Hydrogen in a Future High-Renewables Grid 17 Provision of Grid Services21 Advances Needed in System Planning, Operations, and Market Design24 References industrial ElEctrification and GrEEn HydroGEn Production EnErgy SyStEmS IntEgratIon group 1 Evolving Reliability Needs for a Decarbonized GridAs electric power systems continue to decarbonize and levels of renewable energy continue to rise, sources of system flexibility will become increas-ingly important. As flexibility from traditional resources may be reduced with the retirement of conventional coal-and natural gas–fired generation, other sources such as demand-side flexibility will become much more important. Concurrently, the increased electrification of the overall energy system will create new loads on the electric power system, which will have the potential to contribute to such system flexibility. A key issue for electricity system operations and plan-ning is to what extent the new loads may contribute to system flexibility: whether and how these loads can shift electrical energy demand from periods when renewable electricity is less abundant to periods when there is a large amount available. A Critical Need for New Sources of FlexibilityMany decarbonization studies demonstrate the increas-ing importance of this flexibility as clean energy, particu-larly variable renewables such as wind and solar, becomes a larger portion of the resource mix (EPRI, 2021; Larson et al., 2020; Williams et al., 2021). For example, hydro-gen production and the electrification of industrial loads are often cited as important sources of flexibility as levels of renewables surpass 80 or 90 percent of tot