White Paper on China’s Computing Power Development Index (2022)

TranslationThefollowingannualwhitepaperbyaChinesestate-runthinktankanalyzesthecomputingpowerlandscape,inChinaandglobally,asoflate2022.Thereportbeginsbysummarizingglobaldevelopmentsincomputeoverthepastyear,andthenprovidesstatisticsonChina’scomputeindustry.Theauthorsfindthat,despitedisruptionscausedbytheCOVID-19pandemic,China’scomputingpowergrowthoutpacedtheworldaveragein2022.TitleWhitePaperonChina'sComputingPowerDevelopmentIndex(2022)中国算力发展指数白皮书（2022年）AuthorChinaAcademyofInformationandCommunicationsTechnology(CAICT;中国信息通信研究院;中国信通院).CAICTisathinktankunderChina’sMinistryofIndustryandInformationTechnology(MIIT;工业和信息化部;工信部).SourceCAICTwebsite,November5,2022.TheChinesesourcetextisavailableonlineat: http://www.caict.ac.cn/kxyj/qwfb/bps/202211/P020221105727522653499.pdf AnarchivedversionoftheChinesesourcetextisavailableonlineat:https://perma.cc/4GW2-UWDRU.S.$1≈7.2ChineseYuanRenminbi(RMB),asofMay13,2024.TranslationDateTranslatorEditorMay13,2024EtceteraLanguageGroup,Inc.BenMurphy,CSETTranslationManager No.202215 WhitePaperonChina’sComputingPowerDevelopmentIndex (2022)1 1Translator’snote:TheChinaAcademyofInformationandCommunicationsTechnology(CAICT)publisheditsfirstWhitePaperonChina’sComputingPowerDevelopmentIndexin2021.AnEnglishtranslationofthe2021versionisavailableonCSET’swebsiteat:https://cset.georgetown.edu/publication/white-paper-on-chinas-computing-power-development-index/. ChinaAcademyofInformationandCommunicationsTechnology(CAICT)November2022 CopyrightStatement ThecopyrightofthiswhitepaperbelongstoCAICTandisprotectedbylaw.“Source:ChinaAcademyofInformationandCommunicationsTechnology”shouldbeindicatedinanyuseofthetextoropinionsofthiswhitepaperthroughreproduction,excerpting,orothermeans.CAICTwillpursuetherelevantlegalliabilitiesofviolatorsoftheaboveStatement. Preface Theimportanceofcomputingpower(“compute”)hasbeenelevatedtonewheights.Asanewproductiveforce(新的生产力)inthedigitaleconomyera,computeplaysanimportantroleindrivingS&Tprogress,thedigitaltransformationofindustries,andeconomicandsocialdevelopment.Whilecomputedevelopmentisfacingchallengesfromapplicationdiversificationandtheimbalancebetweensupplyanddemand,theriseofnewfieldssuchasartificialintelligence(AI),digitaltwins,andthemetaverseisdrivingtherapidgrowthofcompute,thediversifiedinnovationofcomputingtechnology,andtheacceleratedredrawingoftheindustriallandscape. 2021wastheopeningyearofthe“14thFive-YearPlan”andthestartingyearofChina’sconstructionofthenewpatternofdevelopment(新发展格局).Inthefaceofthecomplexandgraveinternationalenvironment,multiplepandemicoutbreaksdomestically,andmanyothertests,China’scomputedevelopmenthasachievedsteadyimprovement.Overall,thefollowingcharacteristicscanbeseen: Computescalecontinuestoexpand,andintelligentcomputehasbecomethemaindrivingforce.Ontheinfrastructureside,Chinaisrapidlydeployingdatacentersandintelligentcomputingcenters,withinfrastructurecomputereaching140exaflops(EFLOPS)in2021,rankingChinasecondintheworld.Thenumberofdatacenterracksinuseexceeded5.2millionstandardracks,andthenumberofintelligentcomputingcentersalreadyinoperationapproached20,withover20morecentersunderconstruction.Onthecomputingdevicesside,Chinashippedmorethan19.6milliongeneralpurposeserversand500,000AIserversinthepastsixyears,andthetotalscaleofcomputegrewata50%ratetoreach202EFLOPS,accountingfor33%oftheglobaltotal.Intelligentcompute(智能算力)inparticularhasmaintainedsteadyandrapidgrowth,withagrowthratereaching85%. Thecomputeindustryisbooming,andcomputeinnovationabilityisconstantlyimproving.Chinahasformedacomputingindustrywitharelativelycompletesystem,enormousscaleandvolume,andactiveinnovation.Intermsofsize,China’scomputingindustryaccountsformorethan20%oftheelectronicinformationmanufacturingindustry,withover2,300large-scaleenterprises,2andChina’smarketshareinwholemachines(整机)continuestoclimb.Anindustrialecosystemhasformedcoveringtheunderlyinghardwareandsoftware,whole-machinesystems,andapplications,andanumberofadvancedcomputingtechnologyinnovationshaveemerged.Breakthroughsandin-depthapplicationcontinuetobeachievedinareassuchascomputing 2Translator'snote:Theterm"large-scaleenterprises"(规模以上企业)referstocompaniesthathave20millionormoreChineseyuanRenminbi(RMB)inannualoperatingincome. microchips,computingsystems,andcomputingsoftware,andinnovationsarebeingmadeincomputingplatformsandsystemacceleration,withmultiplebreakthroughsincutting-edgecomputingtechnology. Thedevelopmentenvironmentcontinuestoimprove,andindustryempowerment(赋能)benefitsarebecomingincreasinglyvisible.China’snetworkinfrastructurecapabilitieshaveimprovedsteadily.Inter-provincialoutletbandwidthiscontinuingtogrow,5Gnetworkconstructioncontinuestoadvance,andthecomputing-networkcollaboration(算网协同)systemisdevelopingrapidly.Computeinvestmentcontinuestoexpand,andthe“East-WestComputeTransfer”3projecthasbroughtaboutamarkedstrengtheningofinvestmentinthewesternregion.Dataoutputisgrowingrapidly,andtheopensharingofdataresourcesisaccelerating.China’scomputedemandforconsumerandindustrialapplicationsisgrowingrapidly.Theinternetrem