Sustainable regeneration of unused transportation territories
Sustainableregeneration ofunusedtransportationterritories Understandinglandasaresource SustainableRegenerationofUnusedTransportTerritories UnderstandingLandasaResource ProjectDirectorStefanoRecalcatiassociate,ArupItalia ProjectManager ZeynepÇelebiBesler seniorarchitect,ArupTurkey ResearchTeamSerenaGiraniarchitect,ArupItaliaJoanaMendo seniordesigner,ArupGermany EylemÖnalŞahinassociate,ArupTurkeyEkimAteşer seniorArchitect,ArupTurkey GoncaAkgülarchitect,YTÜChiaraFraticelli graduateplanner,ArupItalia Cover EzgiKöksal,Arup GraphicdesignChiaraFraticelli,ArupEzgiKöksal,ArupSerenaGirani,Arup ZeynepÇelebiBesler,Arup Theauthoracknowledgesfromtheonsetpossibleunintentionalomissionofanycredits ©2016Arup, Allrightsreserved. CONTENTS amatterofequilibriumworldwideemissions humanactivityinatmosphereclimatechange spacialandtemporalcross-cuttinganalysistemporalframework aspecificfocus:unusedtransportterritories 1.theuseoflandasaresource worldlanduse:consumptionofaresource1900-2010landusechangesineurope1900-2010changesinurbanizedeurope2010.brownfieldsineuropeancities 2.built-uplandandsocio-economicchanges:focusonthree countries urbanizationandtransportationingermany1900-2010.landusechangesingermany2010s.brownfieldsingermany urbanizationandtransportationhistoryinitaly1900-2010.landusechangesinitaly 2010s.brownfieldsinitaly urbanizationandtransportationinturkey1990-2010land-usechangesinturkey2010s.brownfieldsinturkey 3.built-uplandandtheenvironmentgreenhouseemissionsbysectorandcountriesbuildings,energyandemissionsineuropetheeuropeanbuildingstockregeneration/revitalizationtheexisting 4.casestudies 5.aframeworkforsustainableregeneration roadmap importanceofbrownfieldsfornewdevelopmentsincitieschallengestothedevelopmentofbrownfields tenstrategiesforthefuture bibliography 4-5 6-7 8-9 10-11 12-13 14-17 18-19 20-21 22-23 30-31 38-39 42-43 47-48 49-52 52-53 54-55 57-60 61-62 63-64 64-67 68-69 70-71 72-73 74-75 76-77 78-79 80 82 102 104 106 108 109 110 AMATTEROF EQUILIBRIUM Landisafiniteandshrinkingresource.Desertificationisexperiencedon33%ofthegloballandsurfaceandaffectsmorethanonebillionpeople,especiallyconcentratedininAfrica.Only11%ofthegloballandsurfaceoffersnoorfewlimitationsforpracticaluse,whichmeansthataglobalpopulationof7.4billionpeoplereliesonthis11%foritsfood. Theco-signeddocumentissuedbytherecentConferenceofPartiesCOP21-alsoknownasthe2015ParisClimateConference-includedagoalspecificallyfocusedonlandasaresource.Itsaysthatthecountriesagreeto:‘protect,restoreandpromotethesustainableuseofterrestrialecosystems,sustainablymanageforests,combatdesertificationandhaltandreverselanddegradationandhaltbiodiversityloss’. Undoubtedly,landisanenvironmentalresource,butitisalsoaneconomicresource,whichisinfluencedbysocio-politicalchangesregulatedbyurbanlawsandsocialchanges.Thevastmajorityofhumanactivitiesdependsontheuseofland.Werelyonurbanizedlandtolive,weneedlandforournourishment,forestsareafundamentalelementforthequalityoftheair,andsoilplayaveryimportantroleinnaturalwaterpurification.Understandinglandasaresourcewhichisacompellingissuetoplanamoresustainablefuture. Theimplicationsforthebuildingsectoraresignificant,especiallyinurbanizedareaswhereland-usechangesoccurfrequently,landhasahigheconomicvalues,andsocialchangesareconcentrated.Landincitiesisheavilyexposedtosocio-economic changes,suchastheindustrializationorthede-industrializationprocesses.Interveningintheprocessofland-usechangesmeanstoregulatetheconsumpionofaresource,andbrownfieldsaretheoccasionforurbanplannerstobalanceland-usedevelopment,socialchangesandenvironmentalurgencies. UNDERSTANDINGLANDASARESOURCEISACOMPELLINGISSUETOPLANAMORESUSTAINABLEFUTURE. BROWNFIELDSARETHEOCCASIONFORURBANPLANNERSTOBALANCELAND-USEDEVELOPMENT,SOCIALCHANGESANDENVIRONMENTALURGENCIES. WORLDWIDEEMISSIONS MtCO2EMISSIONSLEGEND COAL LANDUSECHANGE =10GtCO2(cumulatedem OIL WHEREDOESITCOMEFROM? GASFLARING GASCEMENT MORE 2.000GI CHAVERELEAHUMANTYINTH INTHEPH ATMOSPHERE WHEREDOESITGO? ONLAND INTHEOCEAN ASIAPOP:4.0B NORTHAMERICA POP:480MEUROPEPOP:739M issioninhumanhistory) CENTRALANDSOUTHAMERICAPOP:502M THAN WHOPRODUCEDIT? AFRICAPOP:1,16B OCENIAPOP:31M MIDDLEEASTPOP:313M GATONES O21900s BEENSEDBYACTIVI- 1880s 1890s 1910s 1920s EATMOS- 1870s 1760s 1770s ERE 1860s 1780s 1930s 2010s 2000s 1850s 1840s WHENWASITEMITTED? 1820s 1810s 1790s 1800s 1950s 1940s 1990s 1980s 1970s 1960s CarbonAtlas CLIMATECHANGE Worldisgettingwarmer TheaveragetemperatureoftheEarth’ssurfacehasincreasedbyabout0,85°C,between1880-2012(IPCC5thAss.Rep.),achangemostlycausedbycarbondioxidereleasesandotherhumansourcedemissionsintotheatmosphere. AccordingtotheNASAandNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration(NOAA)analysis,2015wasthewarmestyearsince1880. GlobalwarmingisprimarlyoccursbecauseoftoomuchCO2concentrationintheatmospherewhichiskeepingtheheatandwarmingtheplanet. Greenhousegasesintheatmosphereisnaturalandessentialforhumanbeingandotherlivingonearth.Becausegreenhouseeffectistrappingsomeoftheenergycomingfromthesun,keepingreflectionsbackintothespaceande
