英国动力电池制造业英

HouseofCommons BusinessandTradeCommittee Batteriesforelectricvehiclemanufacturing FirstReportofSession2023–24 HC196 HouseofCommons BusinessandTradeCommittee Batteriesforelectricvehiclemanufacturing FirstReportofSession2023–24 Report,togetherwithformalminutesrelatingtothereport OrderedbytheHouseofCommonstobeprinted14November2023 HC196 Publishedon21November2023byauthorityoftheHouseofCommons BusinessandTradeCommittee TheBusinessandTradeCommitteeisappointedbytheHouseofCommonstoexaminetheexpenditure,administrationandpolicyoftheDepartmentforBusinessandTrade. Currentmembership LiamByrneMP(Labour,Birmingham,HodgeHill)(Chair)BimAfolamiMP(Conservative,HitchinandHarpenden) DouglasChapmanMP(ScottishNationalParty,DunfermlineandWestFife) JonathanGullisMP(Conservative,Stoke-on-TrentNorth)AntonyHigginbothamMP(Conservative,Burnley) JaneHuntMP(Conservative,Loughborough)IanLaveryMP(Labour,Wansbeck) AnthonyMangnallMP(Conservative,Totnes)AndyMcDonaldMP(Labour,Middlesbrough)CharlotteNicholsMP(Labour,WarringtonNorth)MarkPawseyMP(Conservative,Rugby) Powers TheCommitteeisoneofthedepartmentalselectcommittees,thepowersofwhicharesetoutinHouseofCommonsStandingOrders,principallyinSONo152.Theseareavailableontheinternetviawww.parliament.uk. Publication ©ParliamentaryCopyrightHouseofCommons2023.ThispublicationmaybereproducedunderthetermsoftheOpenParliamentLicence,whichispublishedatwww.parliament.uk/site-information/copyright-parliament/. CommitteereportsarepublishedontheCommittee’swebsiteatwww.parliament.uk/beisandinprintbyOrderoftheHouse. Committeestaff ThecurrentstaffoftheCommitteeareNickBeech(Clerk),MatthewChappell(CommitteeOperationsManager),CatherineMeredith(SecondClerk),AbigailMills(SeniorEconomist),JacobMoreton(MediaOfficer),LewisPickett(Committee Specialist),DelfinaRaka(CommitteeSupportApprentice),AdamTaylor(CommitteeSpecialist),DavidTurner(CommitteeSpecialist),TimWest(SeniorMediaOfficer),andSueWrightman(CommitteeOperationsOfficer). Contacts AllcorrespondenceshouldbeaddressedtotheClerkoftheBusinessandTradeCommittee,HouseofCommons,LondonSW1A0AA.Thetelephonenumberforgeneralenquiriesis02072198586;theCommittee’semailaddressiscommonsbtc@parliament.uk. YoucanfollowtheCommitteeonX(formerlyTwitter)using@CommonsBTC. Batteriesforelectricvehiclemanufacturing1 Contents Summary3 Introduction:Theroleofbatteriesinthegreentransition7 Ourinquiry7 1GigafactoriesintheUK9 DemandforbatteriesintheUK10 Automotivesector10 Non-automotivesectors13 PipelineofgigafactoriesintheUK15 DevelopingbatterymanufacturingcapacityintheUK17 Batterymanufacturers17 Businessmodels18 Potentialgigafactorysites20 RisksandopportunitiesfortheUK21 2Batterysupplychain24 Rawminerals24 Midstreamprocesses:refiningofrawmineralsandthemanufactureofbatterycomponents26 Buildinganintegratedbatterysupplychain27 3EncouraginginvestmentintothebatterysupplychainintheUK30 Globalcompetitionforinvestmentinthebatterysupplychain30 Barrierstoinvestmentinthebatterysupplychain33 Industrialstrategy33 Financialsupport34 Energycosts36 Skillsshortages36 Exportopportunities37 4Commercialisingthenextgenerationofbatterytechnologies39 Nextgenerationofbatterytechnologies39 Commercialisingthenextgenerationofbatterytechnologies40 Annex1:EU-UKRulesofOriginrequirements43 Annex2:Britishvolt46 Britishvolt’sstrategyandmanagement46 Gigafactorysiteandconstruction46 Governmentsupport47 Financialdifficulties47 Conclusionsandrecommendations49 FormalMinutes53 Witnesses54 Publishedwrittenevidence55 ListofReportsfromtheCommitteeduringthecurrentParliament57 Summary HarnessingpowerhasbeenatthecoreoftheUK’sindustrialsuccesssincetheIndustrialRevolution.Today,theUKisinaglobalbatteryracewithcompetitorcountriesthatwanttodeveloptheirindustrialcapabilitiesinthebatterysector.Chinaisdominatingtherace,whiletheUKlagsfarbehindmanyofitscompetitors.Othercountries,especiallyinEuropeandNorthAmerica,arerapidlyexpandingcapacityandareexpectedtogainalargershareoftheglobalbatterymarketby2030. GigafactoriesintheUK Largescaleproductionofbatteriestakesplaceingigafactories.TheUKfacesagigafactorygap,becauseofinsufficientdomesticmanufacturingcapacitytosatisfyUKindustry’sdemandforbatteries.SatisfyingdemandfromtheUK’sautomotiveindustryandothersectorswillrequire100GWhofbatterymanufacturingcapacityby2030.Thatrequirementwillincreaseto200GWhby2040.TheUK,however,currentlyhasonlyonegigafactory,whichhaslessthan2GWhofcapacity.ItisrunbyEnvisionAESCnearNissan’splantinSunderland.Moregigafactoriesareunderdevelopment,albeitatdifferentstagesofplanningandconstruction.Atbest,announcedplanssatisfyalittleoverhalfthecapacitythenationneedsby2030.Timeisnowrunningshort.TheUKhasalimitedwindowinthenextthreeyearstoattractfurtherinvestmentintothissector. AfailuretoinvestinbatterymanufacturingcouldcauseagradualdeclineinautomotiveproductionintheUKbecauseglobaloriginalequipmentmanufacturers(OEMs)mightprefertolocateelectricvehicleproductionoverseasincountrieshostingclustersofgigafactories.Thereare160,000peopledirectlyemployedintheautomotiveindustry,butthesectorsupportsmanymorejobsin