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Firm capacity in Central America: Definitions and implications for variable renewable energy

信息技术2023-08-08IRENA娱***

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FIRM CAPACITY IN CENTRAL AMERICA: DEFINITIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR VARIABLE RENEWABLE ENERGY

Executive Summary

This guide provides a comprehensive overview of firm capacity within the context of variable renewable energy (VRE) in Central America. It explores definitions, implications, and strategies for integrating VRE into the region's power sectors. The guide covers power sector dynamics, regional market structures, and various mechanisms for purchasing firm capacity.

About This Guide

The guide serves as a resource for policymakers, industry professionals, and stakeholders interested in understanding the role of firm capacity in enhancing the integration of variable renewable energy sources like solar and wind in Central America. It emphasizes the importance of firm capacity in ensuring stable energy supply while leveraging the potential of VRE.

Central America Overview

Central America comprises seven countries—Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama—each with unique power sector characteristics. The region faces challenges in balancing traditional energy sources with the growing demand for renewable energy, particularly VRE.

Power Sector Dynamics

The power sector in Central America varies significantly among countries, with some adopting regulated markets and others embracing liberalized models. Each country has distinct regulations, infrastructure, and energy mix, impacting the integration of VRE.

Regional Market Structures

The guide highlights different market structures, including the single buyer model and the wholesale electricity market model, which influence how countries procure energy and manage firm capacity.

Firm Capacity for VRE

Key sections discuss firm capacity in regulated and liberalized markets, focusing on case studies from Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama. International benchmarks from Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and Peru provide comparative insights.

Conclusions

The guide concludes with recommendations for policymakers and industry leaders on effectively utilizing firm capacity to enhance the stability and reliability of VRE integration in Central America.

Key Guidelines for Use of Firm Capacity

The final section outlines guidelines for optimizing firm capacity to support the expansion of VRE, emphasizing the importance of regulatory frameworks, market mechanisms, and stakeholder engagement.

Annexes

The guide includes detailed annexes providing a deeper dive into the legal framework and institutional landscape of Central America, equations relevant to firm capacity calculations, and a case study on El Salvador, illustrating practical applications and considerations.

Bibliography

A comprehensive bibliography lists references used in the guide, offering readers a pathway to further explore the topic.

This summary captures the essence of the report's structure and key points, focusing on definitions, implications, and strategies for managing firm capacity in the context of variable renewable energy in Central America.

FIRMCAPACITYINCENTRALAMERICA DEFINITIONSANDIMPLICATIONSFORVARIABLERENEWABLEENERGY ©IRENA2023 Unlessotherwisestated,materialinthispublicationmaybefreelyused,shared,copied,reproduced,printedand/orstored,providedthatappropriateacknowledgementisgivenofIRENAasthesourceandcopyrightholder.Materialinthispublicationthatisattributedtothirdpartiesmaybesubjecttoseparatetermsofuseandrestrictions,andappropriatepermissionsfromthesethirdpartiesmayneedtobesecuredbeforeanyuseofsuchmaterial. CITATION IRENA(2023),FirmcapacityinCentralAmerica:Definitionsandimplicationsforvariablerenewableenergy,InternationalRenewableEnergyAgency,AbuDhabi. ISBN:978-92-9260-540-7 ABOUTIRENA TheInternationalRenewableEnergyAgency(IRENA)isanintergovernmentalorganisationthatsupportscountriesintheirtransitiontoasustainableenergyfutureandservesastheprincipalplatformforinternationalco-operation,acentreofexcellence,andarepositoryofpolicy,technology,resourceandfinancialknowledgeonrenewableenergy.IRENApromotesthewidespreadadoptionandsustainableuseofallformsofrenewableenergy,includingbioenergy,geothermal,hydropower,ocean,solarandwindenergy,inthepursuitofsustainabledevelopment,energyaccess,energysecurityandlow-carboneconomicgrowthandprosperity. ABOUTTHECLEANENERGYCORRIDOROFCENTRALAMERICA(CECCA) IRENAdevelopedtheCleanEnergyCorridorofCentralAmerica(CECCA)initiativein2015tosupporttheaccelerateddeploymentofrenewablesattheregionallevelinCentralAmericaand,inthecontextoftheCentralAmericanElectricInterconnectionSystem(SIEPAC)lineinterconnectingCostaRica,ElSalvador,Guatemala,Honduras,NicaraguaandPanama,promotethecross-bordertradeofelectricitycomingfromcleanenergysources.CECCAwasbuiltaroundkeypillarsofimplementation:powersystemoperationsandregulatoryframeworksforincreasingvariablerenewableenergyshares;countryandregionalpowersystemplanningwithrenewables;zoningandrenewableresourceassessment;andcapacity-buildingandinformationdissemination. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ThisreportwasdevelopedundertheguidanceofGurbuzGonul(Director,CountryEngagementandPartnerships,IRENA)andBinuParthan(DeputyDirector,CountryEngagementandPartnerships,IRENA).ThedocumentwasauthoredbyJoséTorón,CamiloRamírez(IRENA),GastónLestardandColineChampetier(GME),EdnaSotoandFabianBarrera(ex-IRENA). ValuableinputandcommentswereofferedbyIRENAexperts,EmanueleBianco,SimonBenmarraze,PaulKomor,PaulaNardone,MohamedNababa,KamranSiddiquiandJoongYeopLee;additionalinsightswereprovidedbyAlexandraArias(SICA),AdonayUrrutia(DGEHM)andDr.MeenuMishra. ThereportbenefitedfromtheparticipationandcontributionofrepresentativesfromnationalInstitutionsacrossLatinAmericacountries,aswellasotherstakeholdersfromtheregion:MinistryofPublicUtilities,Energy,LogisticsandE-GovernanceandBEL(Belize),MINAEandICE(CostaRica),CEL,CNE,SIGETandUT(ElSalvador),MEM,CNEEandAGER(Guatemala),CREE,ODSandSEN(Honduras),CENACE(Mexico),MEM(Nicaragua),SNEand,CND(Panamá)andENELGreenPower(CostaRicaandGuatemala). PublicationandeditorialsupportwereprovidedbyFrancisField,StephanieClarkeandManuelaStefanides.Thereportwascopy-editedbyEmilyYouers,thegraphicdesignwasdonebyPhoenixDesignAid. DISCLAIMER Thispublicationandthematerialhereinareprovided“asis”.AllreasonableprecautionshavebeentakenbyIRENAtoverifythereliabilityofthematerialinthispublication.However,neitherIRENAnoranyofitsofficials,agents,dataorotherthird-partycontentprovidersprovidesawarrantyofanykind,eitherexpressedorimplied,andtheyacceptnoresponsibilityorliabilityforanyconsequenceofuseofthepublicationormaterialherein. TheinformationcontainedhereindoesnotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsofallMembersofIRENA.ThementionofspecificcompaniesorcertainprojectsorproductsdoesnotimplythattheyareendorsedorrecommendedbyIRENAinpreferencetoothersofasimilarnaturethatarenotmentioned.ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialhereindonotimplytheexpressionofanyopiniononthepartofIRENAconcerningthelegalstatusofanyregion,country,territory,cityorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationoffrontiersorboundaries. FIRMCAPACITYINCENTRALAMERICA DEFINITIONSANDIMPLICATIONSFORVARIABLERENEWABLEENERGY CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONSANDACRONYMS6 GLOSSARY6 EXECUTIVESUMMARY8 ABOUTTHISGUIDE10 CENTRALAMERICAOVERVIEW11 1POWERSECTORS15 1.1PowersystemsinCentralAmerica17 1.2Changesinthepowersector18 1.3Powersectoroutlook18 2REGIONALMARKET20 3POWERPURCHASEAGREEMENTMECHANISMS22 FIRMCAPACITYFORVREINCENTRALAMERICANANDOTHERCOUNTRIES26 1REGULATEDPOWERMARKETS27 1.1Belize27 1.2CostaRica27 2LIBERALISEDPOWERMARKETS29 2.1ElSalvador29 2.2Guatemala32 2.3Honduras35 2.4Nicaragua38 2.5Panama39 3INTERNATIONALBENCHMARK43 3.1Brazil43 3.2Chile46 3.3Mexico50 3.4Peru51 4COUNTRYCASE:ELSALVADOR55 CONCLUSIONS56 KEYGUIDELINESFORUSEOFFIRMCAPACITY60 BIBLIOGRAPHY62 ANNEXI:CENTRALAMERICALEGALFRAMEWORKANDINSTITUTIONALLANDSCAPE68 ANNEXII:EQUATIONS73 ANNEXIII:ELSALVADORCASESTUDY76 FIGURES Figure1CentralAmerica11 Figure2Finalenergyconsumptionpersourcein202012 Figure3Thesinglebuyermodel16 Figure4Thewholesaleelectricitymarketmodel17 Figure5Regionalmarket–SIEPACtransmissiongrid20 Figure6Mainelementsofp

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