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Water for hydrogen production

医药生物2023-12-10IRENAM***

AI智能总结

Water for hydrogen production, a comprehensive report by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and Bluerisk, explores the intricate relationship between water usage and hydrogen production across different regions and technologies. Here's a structured summary:

Executive Summary

Objective: The report aims to quantify water requirements for hydrogen production, assess global water stress impacts, and analyze regional case studies.
Methodology: Utilizes data on water withdrawal and consumption intensities for hydrogen production technologies.
Key Findings:
- Global Hydrogen Production: The demand for water in hydrogen production is significant, especially for large-scale industrial processes.
- Water Stress: Regions experiencing high water stress face increased challenges in hydrogen production, affecting both supply and environmental sustainability.
- Case Studies:
  - Northern China: Focuses on coal-based hydrogen production, considering the impact on water resources in the Yellow River Basin.
  - Gulf Region: Analyzes hydrogen production using seawater desalination, highlighting the need for sustainable water management.
  - Europe: Examines hydrogen production trends and water withdrawal/cost implications across the continent.

Introduction to the Hydrogen-Water Nexus

Discusses the foundational concept linking hydrogen production with water usage, emphasizing the importance of water conservation and efficient use in the context of renewable energy transitions.

Water Quantity Requirements in Commercial-Scale Hydrogen Production

Provides detailed analysis of water withdrawal and consumption per kilogramme of hydrogen produced, comparing different technologies (e.g., electrolysis, steam methane reforming).

Water Footprint and Risks of Global Hydrogen Production

Evaluates the current and projected water demands for hydrogen production, highlighting risks associated with water scarcity and environmental impacts.

Deep-Dive Analyses of Northern China, the Gulf, and Europe

Northern China: Focuses on coal-based hydrogen production, discussing water stress implications in the Yellow River Basin.
Gulf Region: Examines the role of seawater desalination in hydrogen production, showcasing strategies for sustainable water use.
Europe: Offers insights into hydrogen production trends and water management practices across European nations.

Conclusions and Recommendations

Emphasizes the need for integrated water-energy planning, efficient water management, and innovation in hydrogen production technologies to mitigate water stress and enhance environmental sustainability.

References

Lists scholarly works, reports, and datasets used in the research.

Appendices

Includes supplementary materials such as data tables, figures, and maps that provide deeper insights into the analysis.

This report underscores the critical role of water management in the expansion of hydrogen production within a sustainable energy framework, advocating for innovative approaches to balance energy needs with environmental protection.

Waterforhydrogen production ©IRENA2023 Unlessotherwisestated,materialinthispublicationmaybefreelyused,shared,copied,reproduced,printedand/orstored,providedthatappropriateacknowledgementisgivenofIRENAasthesourceandcopyrightholder.Materialinthispublicationthatisattributedtothirdpartiesmaybesubjecttoseparatetermsofuseandrestrictions,andappropriatepermissionsfromthesethirdpartiesmayneedtobesecuredbeforeanyuseofsuchmaterial. ISBN:978-92-9260-526-1 CITATION:IRENAandBluerisk(2023),Waterforhydrogenproduction,InternationalRenewableEnergyAgency,Bluerisk,AbuDhabi,UnitedArabEmirates. ABOUTIRENA TheInternationalRenewableEnergyAgency(IRENA)isanintergovernmentalorganisationthatsupportscountriesintheirtransitiontoasustainableenergyfutureandservesastheprincipalplatformforinternationalco-operation,acentreofexcellence,andarepositoryofpolicy,technology,resourceandfinancialknowledgeonrenewableenergy.IRENApromotesthewidespreadadoptionandsustainableuseofallformsofrenewableenergy,includingbioenergy,geothermal,hydropower,ocean,solarandwindenergy,inthepursuitofsustainabledevelopment,energyaccess,energysecurityandlow-carboneconomicgrowthandprosperity. www.irena.org ABOUTBLUERISK Blueriskisawaterstrategyanddataanalyticsconsultancyfocusedonenhancingresilienceandreducingriskinthefaceofemergingwaterchallenges. www.blueriskintel.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ThereportwasdevelopedundertheguidanceofUteCollieracting-Director,IRENAKnowledgePolicyandFinanceCentreandauthoredbyEmanueleBianco(IRENA),TianyiLuo(Bluerisk),andDivyamNagpal(ex-IRENA). IRENAcolleaguesAnn-KathrinLipponer,LuisJaneiroandFranciscoBoshellprovidedvaluableinput. AnetaCornell(Ecolab),LorenzoRosa(StanfordUniversity),ChaoZhangandYinshuangXia(TongjiUniversity),providedtechnicalcontributionstothereport.MarinaMelnikovaandYuryMelnikov(Mylonastars)providedusefulcontributionsandobservations. Thereportbenefitedfromthereviewsandcommentsofexperts,includingAlistairWyness,RachaelRaid(BP),NitinBassi(CEEW),YuZhang,ZiyanSha(ChinaHydrogenEnergyIndustryPromotionAssociation),CristianCarraretto,RobertoGonzales(EBRD),AnetaCornell,EmilioTenuta(Ecolab),MassimoSantarelli(PolytechnicUniversityofTurin),AlejandroLongueira(RolandBerger)andSmeetaFokeer(UNIDO). PublicationsupportwasprovidedbyFrancisFieldandStephanieClarke(IRENA).ThereportwaseditedbyFayreMakeig,withdesignprovidedbyElkanodata. Forfurtherinformationortoprovidefeedback:publications@irena.org DISCLAIMER Thispublicationandthematerialhereinareprovided“asis”.AllreasonableprecautionshavebeentakenbyIRENAtoverifythereliabilityofthematerialinthispublication.However,neitherIRENAnoranyofitsofficials,agents,dataorotherthird-partycontentprovidersprovidesawarrantyofanykind,eitherexpressedorimplied,andtheyacceptnoresponsibilityorliabilityforanyconsequenceofuseofthepublicationormaterialherein. TheinformationcontainedhereindoesnotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsofallMembersofIRENA.ThementionofspecificcompaniesorcertainprojectsorproductsdoesnotimplythattheyareendorsedorrecommendedbyIRENAinpreferencetoothersofasimilarnaturethatarenotmentioned.ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialhereindonotimplytheexpressionofanyopiniononthepartofIRENAconcerningthelegalstatusofanyregion,country,territory,cityorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationoffrontiersorboundaries. Tableofcontents Glossary5 Executivesummary6 Chapter1 Introductiontothehydrogen-waternexus14 Chapter2 Areviewofwaterquantityrequirements incommercial-scalehydrogenproduction21 Chapter3 Waterfootprintandrisksofglobalhydrogenproduction32 Chapter4 Deep-diveanalysesofnorthernChina,theGulfandEurope42 Chapter5 ConclusionsandRecommendations54 References59 Appendix63 Figures FigureS1Acomparisonofaveragewaterwithdrawalandconsumption7 intensitiesbyhydrogenproductiontechnology FigureS2Currentandprojectedfreshwaterwithdrawalforglobal9 hydrogenproduction,bypathway Figure2.1Schematicsofprocess-specificwaterwithdrawalandconsumption24 inlitresfortypicalhydrogentechnologiestogenerate1kilogrammeofhydrogen Figure2.2Shareofthewaterwithdrawalneedsofproductionandcooling26 intheoverallwaterdemandofhydrogenproductionexamples Figure2.3Acomparisonofaveragewaterwithdrawalandconsumption28 intensitiesbyhydrogenproductiontechnology Figure2.4Relationsbetweenhydrogenconversionefficiencyandwater30 withdrawalandconsumptionintensitiesofatypicalelectrolysisproject Figure2.5Annualwaterwithdrawaloftypicalhydrogenproductionprojects,31 thermalpowerplantsandmunicipalities Figure3.1Currentandprojectedfutureglobalhydrogenproduction33 underthe1.5°CScenario Figure3.2Currentandprojectedfreshwaterwithdrawalforglobal34 hydrogenproduction,bypathway Figure3.3Freshwaterforhydrogenproductionandcooling,todayto205036 Figure3.4Globalwaterstressconditionsandgreenandbluehydrogen38 projectlocationsfor2040 Figure3.5Distributionofglobaloperationalandplannedgreenandblue40 hydrogenproductioncapacitiesbywaterstresslevel,todayandin2040 Figure3.6Distributionofglobaloperationalandplannedgreenandblue41 hydrogenproductioncapacitiesbywaterstresslevelandregionin204

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