COVID-19, a Warning: Addressing Environmental Threats and the Risk of Future Pandemics in Asia and the Pacific

COVID-19 aWarning AddressingEnvironmentalThreatsandtheRiskofFuturePandemicsinAsiaandthePacific ©2022UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme ISBNNo.:978-92-807-3975-6JobNo.:ROAP/2473/BA Thispublicationmaybereproducedinwholeorinpartandinanyformforeducationalornon-profitserviceswithoutspecialpermissionfromthecopyrightholder,providedacknowledgementofthesourceismade.TheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme(UNEP)wouldappreciatereceivingacopyofanypublicationthatusesthispublicationasasource. NouseofthispublicationmaybemadeforresaleoranyothercommercialpurposewhatsoeverwithoutpriorpermissioninwritingfromUNEP.Applicationsforsuchpermission,withastatementofthepurposeandextentofthereproduction,shouldbeaddressedtotheDirector,CommunicationsDivision,UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme,P.O.Box30552,Nairobi00100,Kenya. Disclaimers ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofthematerialinthispublicationdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammeconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,Territoryorcityoritsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.Forgeneralguidanceonmattersrelatingto theuseofmapsinpublications,pleasegotohttps://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/english/htmain.htm MentionofacommercialcompanyorproductinthisdocumentdoesnotimplyendorsementbyUNEPortheauthors.Theuseofinformationfromthisdocumentforpublicityoradvertisingisnotpermitted.Trademarknamesandsymbolsareusedinaneditorialfashionwithnointentiononinfringementoftrademarkorcopyrightlaws.Theresearchforthisreportwasdoneuptothe3rdFebruary2022.Literaturepublishedafterthisdatewasnotincluded. ©Maps,photosandillustrationsasspecified.Suggestedcitation UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme(2022).COVID-19,aWarning: AddressingEnvironmentalThreatsandtheRiskofFuturePandemicsinAsiaandthePacific Production RegionalOfficeforAsiaandthePacific|UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme| UNBuilding|RajdamnernNokAvenue,Bangkok10200,Thailand Tel:+6622882314 Email:uneproap@un.org|www.unenvironment.org/regions/asia-and-pacific COVID-19 aWarning AddressingEnvironmentalThreatsandtheRiskofFuturePandemics inAsiaandthePacific COVID-19,aWarning:AddressingEnvironmentalThreatsandtheRisk ofFuturePandemicsinAsiaandthePacific ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS TheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme(UNEP)wouldliketothanktheauthors,reviewersandourpartnersfortheircontributiontothisrapidscientificassessmentreport. FundingSupport GovernmentofNorway LeadAuthor Prof.ColinDavidButler(NationalCentreforEpidemiologyandPopulationHealth,AustralianNationalUniversity,Australia) UNEPProductionTeam MaartenKappelle(UNEP,Kenya);PanvirushVittayapraphakul,AnaVukoje(uptoJune2021)andJinhuaZhang(allUNEP,Thailand) Reviewers MaliniBalakrishnan(TheEnergyandResourcesInstitute[TERI],India);MarionChaminade(EmbassyofFrancetoVietNam);NakulChettri(InternationalCentreforIntegratedMountainDevelopment[ICIMOD],Nepal);JonathanGilman(UNEP,Thailand);DeliaGrace(NaturalResourcesInstitute,UnitedKingdom,andInternationalLivestockResearchInstitute,Kenya);IvonneHiguero(CITES,Switzerland);LauraH.Kahn(OneHealthInitiative,UnitedStates);MaartenKappelle(UNEP,Kenya);AndreaHinwood(UNEP,Kenya);PeterKing(InstituteforGlobalEnvironmentalStrategies[IGES],Japan);RichardKock(RoyalVeterinaryCollege,UnitedKingdom);TetsuoKuyama(InstituteforGlobalEnvironmentalStrategies[IGES],Japan); AllanLelei(UNEP,Kenya);FengtingLi(TongjiUniversity,China);JinhuiLi(TsinghuaUniversity,China);BarlevNicoMarhehe(UNEP,Indonesia);RoMcFarlane(UniversityofCanberra,Australia);ThomasMourez(EmbassyofFrancetoVietNam);SusanMutebi-Richards(UNEP,Kenya);KariNadeau(StanfordUniversity,UnitedStates);VeraPokorny(UNEP,Thailand);Doreen L.Robinson(UNEP,Kenya);JiaqiShen(TongjiUniversity,China);BinayaRajShivakoti(InstituteforGlobalEnvironmentalStrategies[IGES],Japan);MarioT.Tabucanon(AsianInstituteofTechnology[AIT],Thailand);ShomTeoh(InstituteforGlobalEnvironmentalStrategies[IGES],Japan);SimiThambi(UNEP,India);NaoyaTsukamoto(AsianInstituteofTechnology[AIT],Thailand);AnaVukoje(UNEP,Thailand);AnnetteWallgren(UNEP,Thailand);KesangWangchuk(InternationalCentreforIntegratedMountainDevelopment[ICIMOD],Nepal);JinhuaZhang(UNEP,Thailand);LinxiuZhang(UNEP-InternationalEcosystemManagementPartnership,China);JakobZinsstag-Klopfenstein(SwissTropicalandPublicHealthInstitute,Switzerland) Editor MarinaRota Designandlayout LowilFredEspada ii/ ABBREVIATIONS AIT AsianInstituteofTechnology BSE BovineSpongiformEncephalopathy CBD ConventiononBiologicalDiversity CDC CentersforDiseaseControl[UnitedStates] CITES ConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesofWildFaunaandFlora FAO FoodandAgricultureOrganization GAVI TheVaccineAlliance HPAI highlypathogenicavianinfluenza HTLV humanT-celllymphotropicvirus ICIMOD InternationalCentreforIntegratedMountainDevelopment IGES InstituteforGlobalEnvironmentalStrategies ILRI InternationalLivestockResearchInstitute IPBES IntergovernmentalScience-PolicyPlatformonBiodiversityandEcosystemServices MERS MiddleEastrespiratorysyndrome NRI NaturalResourcesInstitute OIE World