Mapping environmental risks and socio-economic benefits of planned transport infrastructure: a global picture

Mappingenvironmentalrisksandsocio-economicbenefitsofplannedtransportinfrastructure:aglobalpicture ©2022UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme Thispublicationmaybereproducedinwholeorinpartandinanyformforeducationalornon-profitserviceswithoutspecialpermissionfromthecopyrightholder,providedacknowledgementofthesourceismade.TheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammewouldappreciatereceivingacopyofanypublicationthatusesthispublicationasasource. NouseofthispublicationmaybemadeforresaleoranyothercommercialpurposewhatsoeverwithoutpriorpermissioninwritingfromtheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme.Applicationsforsuchpermission,withastatementofthepurposeandextentofthereproduction,shouldbeaddressedtotheDirector,CommunicationDivision,UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme, P.O.Box30552,Nairobi00100,Kenya. Disclaimers ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofthematerialinthispublicationdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheSecretariatoftheUnitedNationsconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territoryorcityorareaoritsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.Forgeneralguidanceonmattersrelatingtotheuseofmapsinpublicationspleasegotohttp://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/english/htmain.htm MentionofacommercialcompanyorproductinthisdocumentdoesnotimplyendorsementbytheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammeortheauthors.Theuseofinformationfromthisdocumentforpublicityoradvertisingisnotpermitted.Trademarknamesandsymbolsareusedinaneditorialfashionwithnointentiononinfringementoftrademarkorcopyrightlaws. TheviewsexpressedinthispublicationarethoseoftheauthorsanddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsoftheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme.Weregretanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenunwittinglymade. ©Maps,photosandillustrationsasspecified UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme(2022).Mappingenvironmentalrisksandsocio-economicbenefitsofplannedtransportinfrastructure–aglobalpicture.Nairobi ISBN:978-92-807-3993-0 Jobnumber:DTI/2491/NA Mappingenvironmentalrisksandsocio-economicbenefitsofplannedtransportinfrastructure:aglobalpicture pedrosala/AdobeStock ❙Acknowledgements Editors-in-chief:AndyArnellandFionaDanks(UNEP-WCMC) Acknowledgements Wewouldliketoexpressourgratitudetothefollowingexpertsforsupportingthisreportascontributingauthorsandanalyticalsupport,throughtheprovisionoftext,data,casestudies,externalpeerreviewandguidance.Wethankthemforprovidingtheirvaluabletime,knowledgeandexpertise,continuoustrustandexemplarycollaborationandprofessionalism. ContributingAuthors:DanielAdshead(KTHRoyalInstituteofTechnology),MohammedAlamgir(JamesCookUniversity),AndyArnell(UNEP-WCMC),YannickAutret(MinistryfortheEcologicalandSolidarityTransition,Paris,France),RyanBartlett(WWF),MaximilianBeck(UNEP),NeilBurgess(UNEP-WCMC),PakYinChoi(UNEP),EmilyCorwin(ConservationInternational),MeganCritchley(UNEP-WCMC),FionaDanks(UNEP-WCMC),JavierFajardo(UNEP-WCMC),CatherineGamper(OECD),JoeGosling(UNEP-WCMC),MichelleHarrison(UNEP-WCMC),DouglasHerrick(OECD),AliceHughes(ChineseAcademyofSciences),SalmanHussain(UNEP),NilangaJayasinghe(WWF),DiegoJuffe-Bignoli(UNEP-WCMC;BiodiversityDecisions),VigneshKamathCannanure(UNEP-WCMC),StephenKing(UNEP-WCMC),FritzKleinschroth(ETHZurich),ArendKolhoff(IAIA),CarlyKojnange(UNEP),BillLaurence(JamesCookUniversity),VaughnLewis(UNEP-WCMC),VirginieMarchal(OECD),DominicMacCormack(UNEP),ShunsukeNakai(UNEP),RowanPalmer(UNEP),EdwardPerry(OECD),JosePineda(UCV),AnaPlanaCasado(ConservationInternational),JosephPrice(UNEP),JohnPritchard(OECD),JackRawdon(UNEP-WCMC),HimanshuSharma(UNEP),SeanSloan(JamesCookUniversity),ArnoutvanSoesbergen(UNEP-WCMC),SamanthaStratton-Short(UNOPS),JessicaThorn(UniversityofStAndrews),JamesVause(UNEP-WCMC),ThaísVilela(ConservationStrategyFund),MateaVukelic(UNEP-WCMC),ChenQing(UNEP-WCMC),YingZhang(UNEP),Directorate-GeneralforMobilityandTransport–EuropeanCommission,CaliforniaHigh-SpeedRailAuthority. Analytics:MeganCritchley(UNEP-WCMC),JavierFajardo(UNEP-WCMC),JoeGosling(UNEP-WMC),JamesVause(UNEP-WCMC),MateaVukelic(UNEP-WCMC),StephenKing(UNEP-WCMC) Finally,wewouldliketothankUNEPforfundingandoversightofthisprojectandtheconstructivepartnershipandsupport,inparticularfromRowanPalmerandFulaiShengfromtheSustainableInfrastructureInvestmentTeamintheEconomicandTradePolicyUnitoftheEconomyDivisionofUNEP.WerecognisetheGlobalEnvironmentFacility(GEF)fortheirsupportoftheparentprojectthatenabledthisproject. ❙TableofContents EXECUTIVESUMMARY9 StudyPurpose9 Keyfindings9 Database:9 Riskstobiodiversity:9 Riskstoecosystemservices:10 Economicbenefit:10 Employmentbenefit:10 Risk-benefitcomparison:10 Keyinsights:11 Futureimprovements:11 INTRODUCTION:WHYMAPANDMODELGLOBALTRANSPORTINFRASTRUCTURE?12 BackgroundandContext12 Whydoweneedroadsandrailways?12 Whataretherisksfromtransportinfrastructure?12 Whatdoesthefuturesuggest?13 Doesinternationalpolicyplayarole?13 Howcanweensureasustainabletransportinfrastructurefuture?13 Howisthisstudygoingtomakeadifference?13 Audience,scopeandstructure14 WHEREAREROADANDRAILINFRASTRUCTUREPROJECTSPLANNED?15 TowardsaGlobalDatabas