Narrowing the Development Gap: Follow-Up Monitor of the ASEAN Framework for Equitable Economic Development

NARROWINGTHEDEVELOPMENTGAP FOLLOW-UPMONITOROFTHEASEANFRAMEWORKFOREQUITABLEECONOMICDEVELOPMENT MAY2023 ASIANDEVELOPMENTBANK NARROWINGTHEDEVELOPMENTGAP FOLLOW-UPMONITOROFTHEASEANFRAMEWORKFOREQUITABLEECONOMICDEVELOPMENT MAY2023 ASIANDEVELOPMENTBANK CreativeCommonsAttribution3.0IGOlicense(CCBY3.0IGO) ©2023AsianDevelopmentBank 6ADBAvenue,MandaluyongCity,1550MetroManila,PhilippinesTel+63286324444;Fax+63286362444 www.adb.org Somerightsreserved.Publishedin2023. ISBN978-92-9270-161-1(print);978-92-9270-162-8(electronic);978-92-9270-163-5(e-book) PublicationStockNo.SPR230180-2 DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/SPR230180-2 TheviewsexpressedinthispublicationarethoseoftheauthorsanddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsandpoliciesoftheAsianDevelopmentBank(ADB)oritsBoardofGovernorsorthegovernmentstheyrepresent. ADBdoesnotguaranteetheaccuracyofthedataincludedinthispublicationandacceptsnoresponsibilityforanyconsequenceoftheiruse.ThementionofspecificcompaniesorproductsofmanufacturersdoesnotimplythattheyareendorsedorrecommendedbyADBinpreferencetoothersofasimilarnaturethatarenotmentioned. Bymakinganydesignationoforreferencetoaparticularterritoryorgeographicarea,orbyusingtheterm“country”inthispublication,ADBdoesnotintendtomakeanyjudgmentsastothelegalorotherstatusofanyterritoryorarea. ThispublicationisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution3.0IGOlicense(CCBY3.0IGO)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/.Byusingthecontentofthispublication,youagreetobeboundbythetermsofthislicense.Forattribution,translations,adaptations,andpermissions,pleasereadtheprovisionsandtermsofuseathttps://www.adb.org/terms-use#openaccess. ThisCClicensedoesnotapplytonon-ADBcopyrightmaterialsinthispublication.Ifthematerialisattributedtoanothersource,pleasecontactthecopyrightownerorpublisherofthatsourceforpermissiontoreproduceit.ADBcannotbeheldliableforanyclaimsthatariseasaresultofyouruseofthematerial. Pleasecontactpubsmarketing@adb.orgifyouhavequestionsorcommentswithrespecttocontent,orifyouwishtoobtaincopyrightpermissionforyourintendedusethatdoesnotfallwithintheseterms,orforpermissiontousetheADBlogo. CorrigendatoADBpublicationsmaybefoundathttp://www.adb.org/publications/corrigenda.Note: Inthispublication,“$”referstoUnitedStatesdollars. CoverdesignbyMikeCortes.Onthecover(fromtopleft,clockwise),waterfrontcityhouseslumriverinBangkok,Thailand(photobySantipong-stock.adobe.com);low-classapartmentbuildings(photobyQualityStockArts-stock.adobe.com);studentsbrushupontheircomputerskillsinasecondaryschoolinYogyakarta,Indonesia(photobyLesterLedesma/ADB);theSkytrainandcityscapeinBangkok,Thailand(photobyWilli-stock.adobe.com);cityrailwayatHanoi,VietNam(photobyIvanKurmyshov-stock.adobe.com);andapoorAsiankidstudyatoldhome(photobyPrachid-stock.adobe.com). iii CONTENTS Tables,Figures,andBoxesiv ForewordfromADBvi ForewordfromASEANvii Acknowledgmentsviii Abbreviationsix ExecutiveSummaryx IBackground1 IIOverallHumanDevelopment9 IIIMaterialWell-Being10 IVEmploymentandWorkingConditions13 VAccesstoFinance16 VIHealthandNutrition19 VIIEducation23 VIIIDigitalAccessandSkills28 IXGenderEquality31 XLivingConditions33 XISocialSafetyNets35 XIIEnvironmentandClimateChange37 XIIIGovernance39 XIVOverallProgressinNarrowingtheDevelopmentGap40 XVWaysForward45 References47 iv TABLES,FIGURES,ANDBOXES Tables 1DimensionsandIndicators7 2HumanDevelopmentIndexinASEAN-6andCambodia,theLaoPeople’sDemocraticRepublic,9 Myanmar,andVietNam,2000–2019 3GrossDomesticProductGrowthandExtremePovertyinASEANMemberStates,2000–202112 4ProportionofPeopleinPovertyinASEANMemberStates,2000–202112 (usinglower-andupper-middle-incomeinternationalpovertylines) 5ProportionofInformalEmploymentinNonagriculturalEmploymentbyGender,2019–202115 6SelectedIndicatorsonAccesstoFinance,2019–202118 7SelectedIndicatorsonChildren’sHealthandNutrition,2000–202021 8ProportionofChildrenwithStuntedGrowthinSelectASEANMemberStatesbyResidence,22 EducationofMother,andWealthQuintile,2000–2016 9SelectLiteracyIndicators,2000–201924 10ParticipationinPreprimary,Primary,LowerSecondary,UpperSecondary,andTertiaryEducation,25 2000–2021 11GenderParityIndexforIndicatorsinLearning,2000–201931 12RankinGlobalGenderGapIndexofASEANMemberStates,2017–202232 13IndicatorsonWomenLeaders,2000–202232 14SelectLivingStandardIndicators,2000–202033 15SelectSocialSafetyNetIndicators,2008–201635 16SelectIndicatorsonEffectsofDisasters,2005–202037 17SelectIndicatorsonProtectingtheEnvironment,2000–202138 18RegressionResults42 Figures 1GrossDomesticProductandPopulationacrossASEAN-6andCambodia,theLaoPeople’sDemocratic2 Republic,Myanmar,andVietNam,2000–2021 2ProportionofPopulationinASEANMemberStatesLivingonLessThan$2.15and$3.65perDay3 (inpurchasingpowerparity2017prices),2000–2019 3GiniCoefficientsinASEANMemberStates,2000–20214 4RatioofGrossDomesticProductperCapitainASEAN-6RelativetoCambodia,10 theLaoPeople’sDemocraticRepublic,Myanmar,andVietNam,2000–2021 5PovertyinASEAN–6andCambodia,theLaoPeople’sDemocraticRepublic,Myanmar,andVietNam,11 2000–2019 6UnemploymentRatesinASEAN