Global Innovation Index 2023, 16th Edition

GlobalInnovationIndex2023Innovationinthefaceofuncertainty GlobalInnovationIndex2023 Innovationinthefaceof uncertainty 16thEdition SoumitraDutta,BrunoLanvin, LorenaRiveraLeónandSachaWunsch-Vincent Editors ThisworkislicensedunderCreativeCommonsAttribution4.0International. Theuserisallowedtoreproduce,distribute,adapt,translateandpubliclyperformthispublication,includingforcommercialpurposes,withoutexplicitpermission,providedthatthecontentisaccompaniedbyanacknowledgementthatWIPOisthesourceandthatitisclearlyindicatedifchangesweremadetotheoriginalcontent. Suggestedcitation:WorldIntellectualPropertyOrganization(WIPO)(2023).GlobalInnovationIndex2023:Innovationinthefaceofuncertainty.Geneva:WIPO.DOI:10.34667/tind.48220 Adaptation/translation/derivativesshouldnotcarryanyofficialemblemorlogo,unlesstheyhavebeenapprovedandvalidatedbyWIPO.PleasecontactusviatheWIPOwebsitetoobtainpermission. Foranyderivativework,pleaseincludethefollowingdisclaimer:“TheSecretariatofWIPOassumesnoliabilityorresponsibilitywithregardtothetransformationortranslationoftheoriginalcontent.” WhencontentpublishedbyWIPO,suchasimages,graphics,trademarksorlogos,isattributedtoathirdparty,theuserofsuchcontentissolelyresponsibleforclearingtherightswiththerightholder(s). Toviewacopyofthislicense,pleasevisithttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 AnydisputearisingunderthislicensethatcannotbesettledamicablyshallbereferredtoarbitrationinaccordancewithArbitrationRulesoftheUnitedNationsCommissiononInternationalTradeLaw(UNCITRAL)theninforce.Thepartiesshallbeboundbyanyarbitrationawardrenderedasaresultofsucharbitrationasthefinaladjudicationofsuchadispute. ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialthroughoutthispublicationdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartofWIPOconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territoryorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries. ThispublicationisnotintendedtoreflecttheviewsoftheMemberStatesortheWIPOSecretariat. ThementionofspecificcompaniesorproductsofmanufacturersdoesnotimplythattheyareendorsedorrecommendedbyWIPOinpreferencetoothersofasimilarnaturethatarenotmentioned. ©WIPO,2023 Firstpublished2023 WorldIntellectualPropertyOrganization34,chemindesColombettes,P.O.Box18CH-1211Geneva20,Switzerland wipo.int ISBN:978-92-805-3320-0(print) ISBN:978-92-805-3321-7(online) ISSN:2263-3693(print) ISSN:2788-6972(online) Attribution4.0International(CCBY4.0) Cover:Unsplash/KevinTurcios,GoogleDeepmind,SimonLee,JavierMiranda,MarekPiwnicki WIPOPublicationNo.2000EN/23 GeneralenquiriesrelatingtotheGII,includingfromstudents,academics,journalistsandothers,maybesenttogii@wipo.int. GII-relatedcommunicationsfromMemberStatesrelatingtoinnovationperformance,thestateoftheireconomy’sinnovationmetricsorrelated GIIassistancerequestsshouldbedirectedtotheAssistantDirectorGeneral,IPandInnovationEcosystemsSector,WorldIntellectualPropertyOrganization,34,chemindesColombettes, CH-1211Geneva20,Switzerland(ies@wipo.int)andtheGIITeamatWIPO(gii@wipo.int). Listoffiguresandtables4 IndextoEconomyprofiles5 Foreword6 Acknowledgments8 AdvisoryBoard10 TheGIIPartners12 GII2023ataglance17 Globalleadersininnovation,202318 GlobalInnovationIndex2023rankings19 Innovationperformanceatdifferentincomelevels,202320 Keytakeaways21 GlobalInnovationTracker25 GlobalInnovationTracker26 Dashboard26 Scienceandinnovationinvestment27 Technologicalprogress35 Technologyadoption39 Socioeconomicimpact41 Conclusion42 GII2023results47 Innovationleadersin202350 Innovationoverperformers54 Convertinginnovationinvestmentintotangibleinnovationoutput56 Innovationacrosstheworld’sregions61 Conclusion64 Clusterranking67 TheGII2023top100scienceandtechnologyclusters68 GII2023Economyprofiles76 FrameworkoftheGlobalInnovationIndex202377 HowtoreadtheEconomyprofiles78 Economyprofiles80 Appendices212 AppendixI–ConceptualandmeasurementframeworkoftheGlobalInnovationIndex213 AppendixII–JointResearchCentre(JRC)statisticalauditofthe2023GlobalInnovationIndex220 AppendixIII–Sourcesanddefinitions224 AppendixIV–GlobalInnovationIndexscienceandtechnologyclustermethodology246 3 Globalleadersininnovation,2023 18 GlobalInnovationIndex2023rankings 19 Innovationperformanceatdifferentincomelevels,2023 20 GlobalInnovationTrackerDashboard 26 FrameworkoftheGlobalInnovationIndex2023 77 Figure1GDPgrowthandtotalandbusinessR&Dgrowthrates,2007–2024 Figure2R&DexpenditureandrevenuetotalsoftopglobalcorporateR&Dspenders,byindustryandyear,2018–2022 28 30 Figure3CorporateR&Dexpenditure,selectedtopR&Dspendersworldwide, annualR&Dexpenditure,2021comparedto2022 31 Figure4Numberofventurecapitaldealsanddealvalue,2012–2022 34 Figure5Performanceofthemostefficientsupercomputers,2013–2022 Figure6Shareofnewly-installedrenewablepowergenerationcapacitythatischeaperthanthecheapestfossilfuel-firedoption,2016–2021 36 37 Figure7CostofsequencingDNAofonehumangenome,2001–2022(USD) 38 Figure8Lifeexpectancyandhealthylifeexpectancy,2000–2019 41 Figure9Yearsoflifebeyond60 42 Figure10Keyglobalinnovationchangers2023 48 F