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人工智能知识点全景图迈向智能时代蓝皮书

人工智能知识点全景图迈向智能时代蓝皮书

导读INTRODUCTION !"#$%"&$'"($)"*——+,-·./0 D"#$%&'()*+,-. !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123#456("789:;<=>1?@AB-/C456"7DEFGfiIfifiK(LM1N%O!"PQRS “cognition”TUCVWX“cognitio”-+YIfi1"7Ofi$Z&'[\]^_N%`abcd-efgh^_ij(kl1m@- nofi$Z&'(LMD`pfOqr-s*tgh"7:;uvwxyT-P#z[|"7:;N%]@(456~…OÄÅ13ÇÉÑ-ÖÜád8,âä ãå^BIçéè·êë8RamonLlullBíìîfi"7ïñ456óò(“"7ô8TreeofKnowledgeBöffiIô8TreeofScienceB”-P#úùûÄ(ü†"7456°¢-£§•d¶[ß(“$%®©™´+8alphabetofhumanthoughtB”hìü¨O fi$Z&'("7∞ïñ~…-DEÆØ∞|Œ<ØŒ|±<ر|]-ef$Z&'hb¥µ("7‘”O '()*/012+3456 $Z&'ÅOUSªº»æøOº¿¡¬c8AIWinterB-.ƒÎP«ÅC $»fi$Z&'… ºbÀ[fiÃÕŒœ(Sª–À—ë-”‘$Z&'L’1 ÷ßÿ'ŸÕ[⁄¤()b‹›fiïüfl‹›î$Z&'(~…‡åO ·‚bI„‰ÂIÊ1Š]¢IÊËÈÍ·§ÎÏëÌÓ8SirJamesLighthillBÔlüQÇÊwC1973ÚS+îüÛÙqı$Z&'ˆüÛd±˜¯˘-!qØC–À˙˚“w¸˝˛8combinatorialexplosionB”ˇ!-lb”‘($Z&' ÷ß"'M#“$%%ˇ!8toyproblemB”-&'$Z&'ï()ü¡*¬O§ÎÏëƒ$ÅI+l%u)*‹›¢-,#20ÇÉû-b(¢IÊiü1,. /01¢I(23çOæ4“¿5ü6“78æ9ü(:;<=>hÕ@t§ÎÏëABCDß1EFÎ(klGL’H¸yTIJîKL-'|LM„‰(NÙ (“OÖ§-§ÎÏë-<8Poincare-Lighthill-Kuomethod-PßPLKß-ü†QRN÷»ÂSMß-.æKuoT<=>B”÷ß-q$%UV“WX”Jìî)*YZO $Z&')[¡\(]^£_`$abcu?O1943Ú-døffiIÊef8WarrenMcCullochB1ghIÊeëηi¶8WalterPittsB¸JíìîÀ,» Ù™jÙ(“MCPdø7”_BOkl(mno˙C1954ÚÅıp4ffiIqI…r˘S+(üs!qıtìFuvI(wx˘yzæ[1|]-“ÅffiIUv)ü¡-~»"]î~»#âo"](”OÄÅ˙.áÇ•VÎ8FrankRosenblattBÅ20ÇÉ50Ú.íìî“É"b8perceptronB”_B-$»fidø‘”ÑÇîÜb… O1969Ú-eÍ/8MarvinMinskyB1áEÎ8SeymourA.PapertBìàîıÉ"bˆâäãåI˘üç-éeîØè(G1èìGêG(É"b'¢ë .uí-ìîïßñGóö8XORBPü/ƒghâäˇ!OPüçò(ìà&'dø‘”ôö(õęO20ÇÉ80Ú.2ù-$Z&'ï(î10Úûü()[Q¬cO 4†Ø01Ø¢Z»£§•8IEEEBqîÉ;áÇ•VÎ-C2004Ú¶ßîIEEEFrankRosenblatt®O©c]™IfifÅK1$Z&'FG)¨¡Sª¥Æ-íì“Øw±\/¥”Pü:;Tµ—dø‘”UÂ(5á8PaulWerbosBÀ [jÙ“]™Ifi”ÃÙS(Ì˙8GeoffreyHintonBNªC2022Ú12014Úº'IEEEFrankRosenblatt®O fi´ü¡æø(¿®¡¬÷ƒ!ü¡lï(hb-›i«»-.S… À 78'()*'9:;<=>?@A 2017Ú7Ã-4ÕŒœSîıÃü.$Z&'Sª4–˘-@—íìî±\ 2030Ú~4Ãü.$Z&'Sª(Tl®©<“”úD<)∞‘Õ15X’÷O ıÃü.$Z&'Sª4–˘fi$Z&'$éÿŸ1Ì÷⁄¤î‹™?›-Å“”fifl<)∞‘Õ<5X’÷¨Q÷±ì,18¡“Ì÷”™‡-e·íìî“¶ß $Z&'Ç‚”1“ÅPu/„v3‰$Z&'Ç‚Ì÷^_-FG$Z&'+X ¥¸Ç‚ÿŸÃ_”A*ÊO ÁË2022Ú7Ã-d4Èu440[‹Í¶Îî$Z&'ƒffiÇ‚<248[ ‹Í¶Îî&'ffiI£Ï+ƒffiÇ‚O4ÕŒIÌÓÔ•¶Î)14QIffiÙ%8ÒÚÛIffiB-ÙıˆGؘffiI£Z»<4ʯdI<¶âI<˘ÉffiI£Ï+<&'ffiI£Ï+<˙˚4ªI¸Qü˝IffiO 101BC7'()*,-. ACM-IEEEÆ1968Ú2ùS•âäbƒffiÇ‚˛»]@-TlƒffiÌ÷ÌIOÅ1968Ú)üQ˛»]@æ-$Z&'À“AI,heuristicprogramming8$Z&'£ˇSÂ4–B”"7Ô˚ì,-±!Kq“$Z&'£b#$”1“&'@—”óòO2021Ú-fÂ2ù&‰“$Z&'8ArtificialIntelligenceB”JqâäbƒffiÇ‚˛»]@æüQ"7Ô˚(óò-À$„úù$Z&'Pü+XôLM& ‰(%&'(O 2021ÚÚÑ-Ì÷)ˇ1*÷(âäbÔ˚ƒffiÌ÷ÌIK+,∞ZJâ –8Pß101â–BO33[âäbffiI%/„Iffi-zIÕÿŸ//0¶‹Íæ15[‹Í(40Ì1£U£îı$Z&'fl’˘˛»0¶OÀ“3/„<4Ú Û<Ÿ5ñ<6„‰”qL;-78“3äß/„<ŸfL97<:Z%;<<6 ='„‰”(ÿŸúD-ı$Z&'fl’˘¶Îî10Q_>162Q"7∞8? 9Qï@"7∞B-\]+A£KL<BC£D6<0_£Ifi<fL£¯dA EF^_O '()*'9:;7DEFGEHI ‹æGHÏ+IffiEFIŸØGH97<âä®J<™6Ifi£KÃ1GHL•M‘NQEF*IwGOOÌàı$Z&'Pfl˘ÌQÙ?“&'i˜ˆOU£Sª”<“&'iUˆäߣ_B”<“&'i¢ˆ='i+”<“&'i‰ˆ ˚ÕL•”<“&'i/ˆfL£¯d”A^_OR4$Z&'§•1âäbffiIÌ £§•tK12IÕs*ST("7∞Nq&'É"<+Y1KL<b#Ifi<UVÚW1L•‹›XQ÷±O EÀ"]-æIÕ[Ifi$Z&'"7£bIƒffi[Ifi$Z&'"7uü Y(ÚÛ)Z-tbI"7b[“\J”qæI[I"7∞-qæIÕt[I"7 ÅbI@]ïñ“^J”_`abO«r-$Z&'$éÿŸæ^J£\Ji]A'cq)*O 序言PREFACE $Z&'8ArtificialIntelligence-AIB#üÙ~…–Àdº/—÷ßeM#* †ˇ!(Iˇi]Oüfug-$Z&'(/ƒúD#&b#%u$%ö.,& hÕœé'iu('¢-ÙıÉ"89Xj7ª<UVXgLM<âäbklB< ˇ!ÊM/#m'¢89BC14–B<ñ189b#$BÀ[no‘ÕñG(] @pê89&']1q&']BO r[c"-$Z&'%us4‘åÔ˚Ï+(t¢-#%uC^2böØ¢(ü†“&'”Ï+O$Z&'Pü†&'Ï+ôLM„‰C.,rqÔ˚-9v ‚<cw<øx<yè1z[AÔ˚O $Z&'Jqü†&'Ï+-cV%u£.,Iffi~…ïñÚÛ(|>-ÆPQ9]ug-$Z&'E~“î`u^\-îbEÚÛ”O«r-$Z&'~…ƒÄÀ[$Z&'$éÿŸs*ŸTUdøffiI<affiI<œLI<ÂI<Ø ¢Z»<ÕœI<XgI<!"IA÷±("7-Æu&'~…ƒÄ'ÇM#É ¥µˇ!<[ÿŸ$é'Ç„fi¥µˇ!Ñ“O ”ù-âäbÌ÷fÆ“"7ƒÌÌ÷”8KnowledgeBasedEducationBÖ\“'¢ƒÌÌ÷”8CompetencyBasedEducationB-Æu*,"1ñ(—üO£rÜá„-$Z&'Ì÷àfÅÀ“3/„<4ÚÛ<Ÿ5ñ<6„‰”qL;-Ö4AIÇ‚$é1AI+XÚÛ$éÿŸO !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123#456("789:;<=>1?@AB-/C456"7DEFGfiIfifiK(LM1N%O!"PQRS “cognition”TUCVWX“cognitio”-+YIfi1"7OâÏäqI!q$%LMÇl(ãåUC“IfiÏ'”1“Mçé'"7”¿†ãå-Æu“2ù"]”O fi$Z&'[\]^_N%`abcd-efgh^_ij(kl1m@-nofi$Z&'(LMD`pfOqr-s*tgh"7:;uvwxyT-P#z[|"7:;N%]@(456~…OÄÅ13ÇÉÑ-ÖÜád8,âä ãå^Bè$<qIÊ<ghIÊéè·êë8RamonLlullBíìîfi"7ïñ456óò(“"7ô8TreeofKnowledgeBöffiIô8TreeofScienceB”-P#úùûÄ(ü†"7456°¢O Åæ4$Z&'I•wx!-Øæ4$Z&'I•Ì÷ZJÓÔ•êMë|-TUÌ÷ZÓ•(íì<îï<ñóò<ôöõ<úù<ûü<†°<¢£<§ ••<ñ8<¶ß<®©™<ñ´¨<i-Æ[Ì÷)âäbÔ˚ƒffiÌ÷ÌI K+,∞ZJâ–8Pß101â–Bæı$Z&'fl’˘˛»0¶w[uGÔ8ÙRرB-üy¸J-fi$Z&'Ì£I("7∞OUSª10¶®˜ïñî®æ-FGîı$Z&'"7∞d±Oˆfl\“&'+”‘.¥iç˘O ı$Z&'"7∞d±Oˆfl\“&'+”‘.¥iç˘Ùı$Z&'Aε͡¡G5£Ãü.$Z&'43fl(<$Z&'$éÿŸ]@<âäbÇ‚˛ »]@"7∞ªA<ACM1IEEE-CScY(Ãà$Z&'"7∞<101â–æ $Z&'"7∞<K12Ì÷æ($Z&'A^_O ɺ§zøŒ;<§¿¡Œ;<¬@ƒŒ;<w¨«Œ;<»… Œ;<À >ÃŒ;<Õ§GÌÓ<îGŒ~…Ô<cöœÌÓ<–—“ÌÓ<JohnHopcroftÌÓ8CornellUniversityB<BartSelmanÌÓ8CornellUniversityB<StuartRussellÌÓ8UniversityofCalifornia,BerkeleyB<JunZhangÌÓ8UniversityofMichiganBAÅ¥içFGº»æÇÀ(TlO æ4$Z&'I•Ì÷ZJÓÔ• 2022Ú8Ã18I 编委EDITORS 8‘ÙgNh±B æ4$Z&'I•Ì÷ZJÓÔ• íì’O÷bI îï’KëÿZ‚bIñóò’æ4ffiIÏ+bIôöõ’Ÿ⁄bI úù’â¯Ø¢ffiÏbIûü’@⁄bI †°’Ÿ⁄Z‚bI ¢£’O÷bI §••’â¯Ø¢ffiÏbIñ8’æ4ffiIÏ+bI ¶ß’Ÿ⁄Z‚bI ®©™’@⁄bIñ´¨’Ÿ⁄GHffiÏbIi-Æ’KëÿZ‚bI Ì÷)âäbÔ˚ƒffiÌ÷ÌIK+,∞ZJâ–8101â–Bı$Z&'fl’˘˛»0¶wGÔ íì’O÷bI(¤’O÷bIÀ‹›’O÷bI §yÃ’Ÿ⁄bIîÊfi’Ÿ⁄bIpœbI §0Ã’pœbIfl‡·’Ÿ⁄LZbI ‚hÔ’Ÿ⁄LZbI §„’Ÿ⁄LZbIUô‰’Ÿ⁄LZbI §Âm’KëÿZ‚bI §«Ê’KëÿZ‚bIiÁ’KëÿZ‚bIiËp’v«ÚdbI ‹È’v«ÚdbI §y’Ø¢ffiÏbIÍΉ’Ø¢ffiÏbIÏÌÓ’â¯ÚdbIÜe’â¯ÚdbI –Ô·’â¯ÚdbI ̱Òâ¯ÚdbI ˜;’â¯ÚdbIÒÚÛ’hxbIiòz’hxbIÙéı’hxbI ˆ˜’hxbIÀ Ë’hxbIº¯’ˆ˘bIO‰’ˆ˘bI Õ§G’â¯Ø¢ffiÏbI ˙˚ò’â¯Ø¢ffiÏbI’â¯Ø¢ffiÏbI §••’â¯Ø¢ffiÏbIͲœ’æ4$ÃbI ˇ›’¥ºbI "#Ó’¥ºbI 夒œæffiÏbI $%’&@bI ñß'’O÷bI 目录CONTENTS 导读IN