中国分布式可再生能源与新型电力系统协调发展德国经验的政策启示

CoordinatedDevelopmentofDistributedRenewablesandNewTypeofPowerSysteminChina:InsightsfromGermany ዐࡔݴք๕੗ምิీᇸᇑႎ႙ۉ૰ဣཥၹۙ݀ቛĊĊڤࡔํ७ڦአ֧ഔ๖ ዐڤీᇸገ႙ჺ৯ၜణ 版本说明 《中国分布式可再生能源与新型电力系统协调发展——德国实践的政策启示》在中德能源转型研究项目框架内发布。中德能源转型研究项目是在中国国家能源局与德国联邦经济和气候保护部（BMWK）的指导和支持下，由德国国际合作机构（GIZ）作为德方牵头机构，与Agora能源转型论坛和德国能源署（dena）联合中方相关合作伙伴共同实施。该报告系统梳理了在构建新型电力系统背景下，中国分布式可再生能源发展相关政策要点与28个瓶颈问题，并在总结德国分布式能源发展经验基础上，从政府监管、源网关系、调度交易等维度提出28条解决措施和6条政策建议。报告成果旨在为关注中国能源转型的相关工作者和研究机构提供参考。 ■项目负责人 ChristophBoth，德国国际合作机构 ■研究负责人 尹明，Agora能源转型论坛 ■作者 尹明、涂建军Agora能源转型论坛 ■致谢Agora能源转型论坛是中德能源转型二期项目的德方执行机构之一。在德国国际合作机构（GIZ）的支持下，Agora能源转型论坛在2022年4月举办了2022年中德分布式可再生能源国际研讨会。与会专家广泛、深入地分析了中国发展分布式可再生能源相关问题，交流了德国在此领域积累的经验，有力支撑了本项目的研究。感谢德国能源署（dena）TimMennel博士为本项目研究提供的帮助！报告作者对♛他各方的支持表示诚挚感谢！ 此外，本报告的编写得到了Agora能源转型论坛同仁们的大力支持，他们是：张润、杨舟、魏斯琴、MariannaMorra-Skryabina、林丽雪和王立。 同时，报告作者也非常感谢孟伟对2022年中德分布式可再生能源国际研讨会的全力支持，以及在报告编写过程中提供的协助和贡献。 ■图片来源 德国联邦经济和气候保护部/封面司马台长城/涂建军(p.1) 规模化分布式利用/涂建军(p.4)故宫/尹明(p.11) 雕塑/尹明(p.17) 怒放的季节/涂建军(p.25) 英文执行摘要ExecutiveSummary Inrecentyears,Chinahasachievedremarkableprogressingreenenergytransition,andtheshareofrenewableenergysourceshascontinuedtoincrease.Nevertheless,inte-grationofnewenergysourcesstillfacesanumberofchallengessuchasahighshareofcoal,largescaleenergyandelectricitydemandanditsgrowth,highindustrialenergyconsumption,andanimbalanceinenergyusebetweentheeastandwestofthecountry.Chinaneedstoacceleratethedevelopmentofnewenergysourcesinordertomeetitscommitmenttoachievethegoalof“carbonpeakingby2030andcarbonneutralityby2060.” Inthiscontext,Beijinghasformallyproposedtoacceleratedevelopmentofanewener-gysystemwithrenewableenergysourcesasitsmainstay,andtopromotethesafeandreliablereplacementoftraditionalenergybynewenergysources.TheconstructionofanewtypeofpowersystemisafundamentalchangeinChina’senergysector,whichwillrequireacceleratedadjustmentsinpowergeneration,grids,regulation,trading,andplanninginordertoimprovethepowersystem’sabilitytoaccommodatenewenergysources(includingcentralizedanddistributeddevelopmentmodes)inasafemanner. Withrapiddeclineintechnologycostsandgrowingdemandforgreenenergy,distrib-utedrenewablegeneration(DRG,excludingsmallhydropower),especiallydistributedphotovoltaic(PV)powergeneration,hasbeendevelopingonalargescaleinChinainrecentyears.China’s14thFive-YearPlanforthenationaleconomy(2021-2025),the“DoubleCarbon”top-levelpolicydocuments,andtheenergysystemdevelopmentplanallproposetoacceleratetherolloutofdistributedenergysourcesinthecen-tral-easternpartofChina. ThefuturedevelopmentofDRGinChinawilldemonstratethefivefollowingtrends.1)Intermsofdevelopmentandconstruction,installationoflarge-scalePVintownsandvillageswillbeaccelerated.2)Intermsofsupportmechanisms,subsidiesandmarketdistortionswillbereducedandonlysubsidiesforhouseholddistributedPVwillremain. 3)Intermsoftheuseofrenewablesources,mandatorydispatchingpoliciesandabun-dantelectricityscenarioswillguaranteetheuseandhenceconsumptionofnewenergysources.4)Intermsofgrid-connectedoperation,energystoragewillberationallycon-figured,operationalperformancewillbeimproved,andfriendlyinteractionbetweenDRGandthegridwillbepromoted.5)Intermsofmarketdesignandtradingoperations,thereisagrowingdemandforlarge-scaledistributedgenerationtoparticipateinmar-kettrading. However,thedevelopmentofDRGinChinafacesmanybottlenecksintermsofgov-ernmentregulation,developmentandoperation,dispatchingandtrading,financing,projecteconomicsandsource-gridrelationship.Mostofthesebottlenecksarecloselyrelatedtoinstitutionalmechanisms,whileothersaremainlyrelatedtotechnologicalinnovation.‘HowcantheinstitutionalbarriersthathinderlargescaledevelopmentofDRGinChinabebroken,soastopromotethesustainabledevelopmentofDRG?’hasbecomeatopicofgreatpracticalsignificance. GermanyhasaccumulatedmanysuccessfulexperiencesandpolicyinspirationsinthesafeandrapiddevelopmentofDRG,includingregulationsandtimelyadjustments,standardizationofgrid-connectedoperationandmanagement,withanemphasisontheroleofflexibleresources,adoptionofsuitablebalancingmechanisms,andtheroleofgridinterconnection,etc. ConsideringChina’snationalconditionsandthevariousbottlenecksfacingthede-velopmentofDRGonalargescale,weoffermajorrecommendationswhichproposerelevantsolutions.1)AcceleratetheimprovementofDRGregulationsandpolicies,anddirectlocalgovernmentstoformulatetheirlocalstrategiestoensurehigh-qualityde-velopmentofDRG.2)Focusonthreetypesofinnovationmechanism–price,dispatch,andmarket–torationalisetherelationshipbetweentheinterestsofallpartiesinthesource,grid,load,andstorage.3)Focusonthreetypesofinnovation–planning,tech-nology,andflexibleresources–tocomprehensivelyimprovetheadaptabilityofdistri-butiongridstointegratinghighratiosofrenewables.4)DevelopatechnicalstandardsystemforDRGgridconnectionaccordingtolocalconditions,whichtakesintoaccountsystemsafetyandsustainabledevelopmentofDRG.5)ActivelypromotetheDRGRuralRevitalizationDevelopmentFundtoensurethatDRGdevelopmentbenefitsfarmers,agriculture,andruraldevelopment.6)Furtherdeepentheinstitutionalreformofelec-tricitysystemtoattractmoresocialinvestmentsandthepar