全球氢能回顾2022（英）

GlobalHydrogenReview2022 INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCY TheIEAexaminesthefullspectrumofenergyissuesincludingoil,gasandcoalsupplyanddemand,renewableenergytechnologies,electricitymarkets,energyefficiency,accesstoenergy,demandsidemanagementandmuchmore.Throughitswork,theIEAadvocatespoliciesthatwillenhancethereliability,affordabilityandsustainabilityofenergyinits31membercountries,11associationcountriesandbeyond. Pleasenotethatthispublicationissubjecttospecificrestrictionsthatlimititsuseanddistribution.Thetermsandconditionsareavailableonlineatwww.iea.org/t&c/ Thispublicationandanymapincludedhereinarewithoutprejudicetothestatusoforsovereigntyoveranyterritory,tothedelimitationofinternationalfrontiersandboundariesandtothenameofanyterritory,cityorarea. Source:IEA.Allrightsreserved.InternationalEnergyAgencyWebsite:www.iea.org IEAmembercountries: AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanada CzechRepublicDenmarkEstonia FinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIrelandItalyJapanKoreaLithuania LuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNewZealandNorwayPolandPortugal SlovakRepublic SpainSwedenSwitzerland RepublicofTürkiyeUnitedKingdomUnitedStates IEAassociationcountries: ArgentinaBrazilChinaEgyptIndiaIndonesia MoroccoSingaporeSouthAfricaThailandUkraine Tableofcontents GlobalHydrogenReview2022 TableofContents Executivesummary4 Introduction11 Overview12 TheHydrogenInitiative13 Hydrogenismakinginroadsandacceleratingasaconsequenceoftheenergycrisis14 Hydrogendemand16 Overviewandoutlook17 Refining20 Industry28 Transport39 Buildings56 Electricitygeneration63 Hydrogenproduction69 Overviewandoutlook70 Electrolysis74 HydrogenproductionwithCCUS85 Comparisonofhydrogenproductionroutes91 Hydrogen-derivedfuels99 Hydrogeninfrastructure105 Hydrogentransportbypipeline108 Undergroundhydrogenstorage123 Hydrogentransportbyships131 RepurposingLNGinfrastructure142 Hydrogenclusters151 Hydrogentrade160 Overviewandoutlook161 Developinginternationalhydrogenmarkets172 Hydrogenpolicies180 Establishtargetsand/orlong-termpolicysignals182 Supportdemandcreationforlow-emissionhydrogen188 Mitigateinvestmentrisks192 PromoteR&D,innovation,strategicdemonstrationprojectsandknowledge-sharing200 Regulatoryframeworks,standardsandcertificationsystems207 Investmentandinnovation213 Investment214 Innovation225 Hydrogeninachangingenergylandscape232 Opportunitiesforlow-emissionhydrogentoreducefossilfueluse235 Opportunitiesandchallengestorepurposeinfrastructureforhydrogenuse ....................................................................................................................259 Annexes271 Explanatorynotes272 Abbreviationsandacronyms274 Units278 Acknowledgements280 Executivesummary ExecutiveSummary Hydrogendemandisgrowing,withpositivesignalsinkeyapplications Hydrogendemandreached94milliontonnes(Mt)in2021,recoveringtoabovepre-pandemiclevels(91Mtin2019),andcontainingenergyequaltoabout2.5%ofglobalfinalenergyconsumption.Mostoftheincreasecamefromtraditionalusesinrefiningandindustry,thoughdemandfornewapplicationsgrewtoabout40thousandtonnes(up60%from2020,albeitfromalowbase). Somekeynewapplicationsforhydrogenareshowingsignsofprogress.Announcementsfornewsteelprojectsaregrowingfastjustoneyearafterthestart-upofthefirstdemonstrationprojectforusingpurehydrogenindirectreductionofiron.ThefirstfleetofhydrogenfuelcelltrainsstartedoperatinginGermany.Therearealsomorethan100pilotanddemonstrationprojectsforusinghydrogenanditsderivativesinshipping,andmajorcompaniesarealreadysigningstrategicpartnershipstosecurethesupplyofthesefuels.Inthepowersector,theuseofhydrogenandammoniaisattractingmoreattention;announcedprojectsstackuptoalmost3.5GWofpotentialcapacityby2030. Consideringpoliciesandmeasuresthatgovernmentsaroundtheworldhavealreadyputinplace,weestimatethathydrogendemandcouldreach115Mtby2030,althoughlessthan2Mtwouldcome fromnewuses.Thiscompareswiththe130Mt(25%fromnewuses)thatwouldbeneededtomeetexistingclimatepledgesputforwardbygovernmentsaroundtheworldsofar,andwithnearly200Mtneededby2030tobeontrackfornetzeroemissionsby2050. Thepipelineofprojectsforlow-emissionhydrogenproductionkeepsexpanding,butfewarereachingFID Muchoftheincreaseinhydrogendemandin2021wasmetbyhydrogenproducedfromunabatedfossilfuels,meaningtherewasnobenefitformitigatingclimatechange.Theproductionoflow-emissionhydrogenwaslessthan1Mtin2021,practicallyallofitcomingfromplantsusingfossilfuelswithcarboncapture,utilisationandstorage(CCUS).However,thepipelineofprojectsfortheproductionoflow-emissionhydrogenisgrowingatanimpressivespeed. Ifallprojectscurrentlyinthepipelinewererealised,by2030theproductionoflow-emissionhydrogencouldreach16-24Mtperyear,with9-14Mtbasedonelectrolysisand7-10MtonfossilfuelswithCCUS.Inthecaseofelectrolysis,therealisationofalltheprojectsinthepipelinecouldleadtoaninstalledelectrolysercapacityof134-240GWby2030,withthelowerendoftherangesimilartototalinstalledrenewablecapacityinGermanyandattheupperendinallofLatinAmerica.Meetinggovernments’climatepledgeswouldrequire34Mtoflow-emissionhydrogenproductionperyearby2030; apathcompatiblewithreaching